Folds in Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments on the west face of the Dent de Morcles, Helvetic nappes, Switzerland.
(Modern Structural Geology, Volume 2; Ramsay & Huber)


FOLDING

Folding was simulated by compressing the mesh on both sides. Furthermore one or two layers with different material properties were included. To initiate the folding process, a perturbance-element was placed either in the layers or in the surrounding matrix. This simulation was realised for a different number of layers, the position of the perturbance-element was also varied. In addition to that, the boundary layer was simulated in two different ways (model).

Some of the simulations are presented by their meshes at the start and at the and of the computations, but there are also some animations of the folding process.


Undeformed mesh Deformed mesh
1 layer, moveable layerlimit, competence of surrounding > competence of layer, failure in surrounding 1 layer, moveable layerlimit, competence of surrounding > competence of layer, failure in surrounding
1 layer, fixed layerlimit, competence of surrounding > competence of layer, failure in surrounding 1 layer, fixed layerlimit, competence of surrounding > competence of layer, failure in surrounding
1 layer, fixed layerlimit, competence of surrounding < competence of layer, failure in layer 1 layer, fixed layerlimit, competence of surrounding < competence of layer, failure in layer
2 layers, moveable layerlimit, competence of surrounding < competence of layer, failure in layer 2 layers, moveable layerlimit, competence of surrounding < competence of layer, failure in layer
2 layers, fixed layerlimit, competence of surrounding < competence of layer, failure in layer 2 layers, fixed layerlimit, competence of surrounding < competence of layer, failure in layer
8 layers, fixed layerlimit, competence of surrounding < competence of layer, failure in layer 8 layers, fixed layerlimit, competence of surrounding < competence of layer, failure in layer




ANIMATIONS
model low quality high quality
with 2 layers
400 kb

1640 kb
with 8 layers
367 kb

1695 kb
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